Skin cancer

Facts

Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States. When it’s detected and treated early, the cure rate is high.

Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center offers comprehensive treatment from a team of experts who specialize in all types of skin cancers.

What is skin cancer?

Skin cancers begin in cells that make up your skin. Different types start in different kinds of cells within the skin, such as basal cells, squamous cells or melanocytes.

Types

The most common types of skin cancer in the United States are basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma.

When detected and treated early, nonmelanoma skin cancers have a cure rate of more than 95 percent. But having one of these cancers increases your risk for developing other skin cancers.
Melanoma skin cancer is much less common but much more serious than basal or squamous cell carcinoma. It causes the vast majority of skin cancer deaths in the U.S.

Basal cell carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma, or basal cell skin cancer, accounts for about 80 percent of skin cancers.

This disease is caused by sun exposure and is usually found on sun-exposed areas of the skin, like the scalp, forehead, face, nose, neck and back. Read more about skin cancer risk factors.
It is most common in older men who worked outdoors for many years, but the number of women diagnosed has been rising and the average age at diagnosis has been dropping.
Basal cell carcinoma is slow growing and rarely spreads. If untreated, however, it may eventually spread to other tissues.

Squamous cell carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma, also called squamous cell skin cancer, accounts for about 20 percent of skin cancers.

It affects the middle layer of the skin and may occur on any part of the body, including the mucous membranes.
Sun exposure is the most common cause. This cancer appears most often in areas exposed to the sun, including the face, neck, scalp, lower lip and rim of the ear. Read more about risk factors.
It often starts as a precancerous condition called actinic keratosis (learn more on our skin cancer signs and symptoms page).
It is relatively slow growing but more aggressive than basal cell carcinoma.
It has a high cure rate, about 95 percent, if detected early and treated. If not treated, it may spread to other parts of the body.

Precancerous A condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. Sign In medicine, a sign is something found during a physical exam or from a laboratory test that shows that a person may have a condition or disease. In medicine, a sign is something found during a physical exam or from a laboratory test that shows that a person may have a condition or disease. Some examples of signs are fever, swelling, skin rash, high blood pressure and high blood glucose. Symptom A physical or mental problem that a person experiences that may indicate a disease or condition. Symptoms cannot be seen and do not show up on medical tests. A physical or mental problem that a person experiences that may indicate a disease or condition. Symptoms cannot be seen and do not show up on medical tests. Some examples of symptoms are headache, fatigue, nausea and pain.

Melanoma

Melanoma can spread quickly to other organs. Though it’s uncommon compared to basal and squamous cell skin cancers, it causes 75 percent of the country’s skin cancer deaths.

It usually develops in or around an existing mole, usually on the skin of the trunk or extremities. But it can occur in other places, such as the eye or the lining of nose, mouth or gut.
As for basal and squamous cell carcinoma, sun exposure is an important risk factor for melanoma.
In its earliest stage, melanoma doesn’t grow much beyond the outermost layer of the skin. If it is not removed when it is thin, it can penetrate deeper and spread throughout the body.
Because of differences between melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers, we have a dedicated melanoma section where you can learn more about this type.

Melanoma Cancer that begins in the melanocytes (cells that make the pigment melanin). It may begin in a mole (skin melanoma), but it can also begin in other pigmented tissues, such as the eye or the intestines. Stage The extent of a cancer in the body. Staging is usually based on the size of the tumor, whether lymph nodes contain cancer and whether the cancer has spread from the original site to other parts of the body.

Other skin cancer types

Merkel cell carcinoma — A rare disease in which cancerous cells are found on or just beneath the skin.
Kaposi’s sarcoma — Generally starts as a small bruise-like area, and then develops into a tumor. Often occurs in people with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Mycosis fungoides — A type of lymphoma that starts on the skin. Usually begins as a rash on the buttocks, hips or lower abdomen. It can be missed because it looks similar to skin allergies and other types of irritation.
Adnexal tumors — Appear as bumps within the skin.
Skin sarcomas — Appear as large masses under the skin’s surface.

Lymphoma Cancer that begins in the cells of the immune system. There are two basic categories of lymphomas: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Cancer that begins in cells of the immune system. There are two basic categories of lymphomas. One is Hodgkin lymphoma, which is marked by the presence of a type of cell called the Reed-Sternberg cell. The other category is non-Hodgkin lymphomas, which includes a large, diverse group of cancers of immune system cells. Non-Hodgkin lymphomas can be further divided into cancers that have an indolent (slow-growing) course and those that have an aggressive (fast-growing) course. These subtypes behave and respond to treatment differently. Both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas can occur in children and adults, and prognosis and treatment depend on the stage and the type of cancer.

Signs and symptoms

The best way to detect skin cancer before it spreads and becomes difficult to cure is to carefully and regularly examine your own skin and to have routine exams by your health care provider.

Looking for signs of skin cancer can be a challenge because most of us have some brownish spots on our skin — birthmarks, moles, freckles — which are usually normal. But some may be skin cancers.

Other possible signs of skin cancer — such as a small sore that bleeds, scabs and heals or a reddish patch that crusts over and itches — can be a benign (noncancerous) condition or something more serious.

Become familiar with specific signs and symptoms of different types of skin cancer as well as actinic keratosis (pre-cancer). We’ve included photos to help you know what to look for.
Learn more about how to check yourself for early warning signs of skin cancer, including the “ABCDE” guide to make early detection easier.

Benign Not cancer. Benign tumors may grow larger but do not spread to other parts of the body. Sign In medicine, a sign is something found during a physical exam or from a laboratory test that shows that a person may have a condition or disease. In medicine, a sign is something found during a physical exam or from a laboratory test that shows that a person may have a condition or disease. Some examples of signs are fever, swelling, skin rash, high blood pressure and high blood glucose. Symptom A physical or mental problem that a person experiences that may indicate a disease or condition. Symptoms cannot be seen and do not show up on medical tests. A physical or mental problem that a person experiences that may indicate a disease or condition. Symptoms cannot be seen and do not show up on medical tests. Some examples of symptoms are headache, fatigue, nausea and pain.

Basal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms

Basal cell carcinoma This type of cancer is usually found on sun-exposed areas of the skin like the scalp, forehead, face, nose, neck and back.

Basal cell carcinomas may bleed after a minor injury but then scab and heal. This can happen over and over for months or years with no visible growth, making it easy to mistake them for wounds or sores. They rarely cause pain in their earliest stages.

Appearance

In addition to the bleeding and healing, these are other possible signs of a basal cell cancer:

A persistent open sore that does not heal and bleeds, crusts or oozes.
A reddish patch or irritated area that may crust or itch.
A shiny bump or nodule that is pearly or translucent and often pink, red or white. It can also be tan, black or brown, especially in dark-haired people, and easy to confuse with a mole.
A pink growth with a slightly elevated, rolled border and a crusted indentation in the center. Tiny blood vessels may appear on the surface as the growth enlarges.
A scar-like lesion in an area that you have not injured. It may be white, yellow or waxy, often with poorly defined borders. The skin seems shiny and tight; sometimes this can be a sign of an aggressive tumor.

Squamous cell carcinoma signs and symptoms

Generally found on the ears, face and mouth, squamous cell carcinoma can be more aggressive than basal cell. Untreated, it may push through the skin layers to the lymphatic system, bloodstream and nerve routes, where it can cause pain and symptoms of serious illness.

Appearance

Squamous cell cancer often starts as a precancerous lesion known as actinic keratosis (described below). When it becomes cancerous, the lesion appears raised above the normal skin surface and is firmer to the touch. Sometimes the spot shows only a slight change from normal skin.

Other signs include:

Any change, such as crusting or bleeding, in an existing wart, mole, scar or other skin lesion
A wart-like growth that crusts and sometimes bleeds
A scaly, persistent reddish patch with irregular borders, which may crust or bleed
A persistent open sore that does not heal and bleeds, crusts or oozes
A raised growth with a depression in the center that occasionally bleeds and may rapidly increase in size

Actinic keratosis signs and symptoms

Many people have actinic keratosis (AK), also called solar keratosis, on their skin. It shows that you’ve had enough sun to develop skin cancer, and it is considered a precursor of cancer, or a precancerous condition.

Usually AK shows up on the parts of your body that have received the most lifetime sun exposure, like the face, ears, scalp, neck, backs of the hands, forearms, shoulders and lips.

Some of the same treatments used for nonmelanoma skin cancers are used for AK to ensure it does not develop into a cancerous lesion.

Appearance

This abnormality develops slowly. The lesions are usually small, about an eighth of an inch to a quarter of an inch in size. You may see a few at a time. They can disappear and later return.

AK is a scaly or crusty bump on the skin’s surface and is usually dry and rough. It can be flat. An actinic keratosis is often noticed more by touch than sight.
It may be the same color as your skin, or it may be light, dark, tan, pink, red or a combination of colors.
It can itch or produce a prickling or tender sensation.
These skin abnormalities can become inflamed and be encircled with redness. Rarely, they bleed.

Melanoma signs and symptoms

Melanoma skin cancer is much more serious than basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. It can spread quickly to other organs and causes the vast majority of skin cancer deaths in the United States. Usually melanomas develop in or around an existing mole.

Appearance

Signs and symptoms of melanoma vary depending on the exact type and may include:

A flat or slightly raised, discolored patch with irregular borders and possible areas of tan, brown, black, red, blue or white (superficial spreading melanoma)
A firm bump, often black but occasionally blue, gray, white, brown, tan, red or your usual skin tone (nodular melanoma)
A flat or slightly raised mottled tan, brown or dark brown discoloration (lentigo maligna)
A black or brown discoloration, usually under the nails, on the palms or on the soles of the feet (acral lentiginous melanoma)

See more pictures and get details about different types of melanoma in our dedicated melanoma section.

Merkel cell carcinoma signs and symptoms

Read about signs and symptoms of Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare type of skin cancer, in our dedicated Merkel cell section.

Self-exams to detect skin cancer

You may notice changes to your skin casually during your daily routine, such as when you put on lotion, look in the mirror or take a shower. Doing a thorough monthly exam is also important.

Learn how to examine your skin and the general warning signs to look for:

Learn More

Lesion An area of abnormal tissue. A lesion may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). Lymph system The tissues and organs that produce, store and carry white blood cells that fight infections and other diseases. The tissues and organs that produce, store and carry white blood cells that fight infections and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels (a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells). Lymphatic vessels branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. Melanoma Cancer that begins in the melanocytes (cells that make the pigment melanin). It may begin in a mole (skin melanoma), but it can also begin in other pigmented tissues, such as the eye or the intestines. Nodule A growth or lump that may be malignant (cancer) or benign (not cancer). Precancerous A condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. Sign In medicine, a sign is something found during a physical exam or from a laboratory test that shows that a person may have a condition or disease. In medicine, a sign is something found during a physical exam or from a laboratory test that shows that a person may have a condition or disease. Some examples of signs are fever, swelling, skin rash, high blood pressure and high blood glucose. Sign In medicine, a sign is something found during a physical exam or from a laboratory test that shows that a person may have a condition or disease. In medicine, a sign is something found during a physical exam or from a laboratory test that shows that a person may have a condition or disease. Some examples of signs are fever, swelling, skin rash, high blood pressure and high blood glucose. Symptom A physical or mental problem that a person experiences that may indicate a disease or condition. Symptoms cannot be seen and do not show up on medical tests. A physical or mental problem that a person experiences that may indicate a disease or condition. Symptoms cannot be seen and do not show up on medical tests. Some examples of symptoms are headache, fatigue, nausea and pain.

Diagnosing skin cancer

Examine your skin regularly to watch for changes and for new suspicious growths.

Call your doctor if:

You notice a change in the color, size, texture or appearance of a mole or skin lesion.
You have bleeding, itching, inflammation or pain in a lesion.
You have another sign or symptom that could result from skin cancer.

If you have an abnormal-looking growth on your skin that might be cancer, your doctor will:

Review and ask about your medical history and family history.
Ask about your sun exposure, lifestyle, medications and other risk factors.
Ask about your symptoms, when the skin lesion first appeared and if the lesion has changed in size or appearance.
Perform a thorough physical exam and check the skin lesion, any other suspicious moles or marks and your lymph nodes.

Lesion An area of abnormal tissue. A lesion may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). Symptom A physical or mental problem that a person experiences that may indicate a disease or condition. Symptoms cannot be seen and do not show up on medical tests. A physical or mental problem that a person experiences that may indicate a disease or condition. Symptoms cannot be seen and do not show up on medical tests. Some examples of symptoms are headache, fatigue, nausea and pain. Symptom A physical or mental problem that a person experiences that may indicate a disease or condition. Symptoms cannot be seen and do not show up on medical tests. A physical or mental problem that a person experiences that may indicate a disease or condition. Symptoms cannot be seen and do not show up on medical tests. Some examples of symptoms are headache, fatigue, nausea and pain.

Skin biopsy

Next you may have a skin biopsy, which involves taking a sample of suspicious tissue so a pathologist can examine the cells under a microscope to look for cancer.

Common types of skin biopsies include:

Shave biopsy — A sterile razor blade is used to shave off the lesion.
Punch biopsy — An instrument called a punch is used to remove a circle of tissue from the lesion.
Excisional biopsy — A scalpel is used to remove the entire growth.

Biopsy The removal of a sample of tissue or fluid that is examined to see whether cancer is present. This may be done with a large needle or through surgical removal of tissue or fluids. Biopsy The removal of a sample of tissue or fluid that is examined to see whether cancer is present. This may be done with a large needle or through surgical removal of tissue or fluids. Lesion An area of abnormal tissue. A lesion may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). Pathologist A physician who has special training in identifying diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope.

Sentinel lymph node mapping and biopsy

This is a procedure in which a radiolabeled substance and a blue dye are injected near your tumor. The substance flows through lymph ducts to the first lymph node or nodes where cancer cells are likely to spread (sentinel nodes). Your surgeon removes only the nodes where the substance appears. A pathologist checks the sentinel nodes for cancer.

Pathologist A physician who has special training in identifying diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope.

Imaging studies and lab tests

Your doctor might recommend other tests or scans to learn more about your condition, especially if your tumor is deep or your lymph nodes are involved. These may include a computed tomography (CT) scan, chest X-ray, positron emission tomography (PET) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan or bone scan and tissue, blood or urine tests.

Bone scan A procedure to check for abnormal areas or damage in the bones. A bone scan may be used to diagnose bone tumors or cancer that has spread to the bone. A procedure to check for abnormal areas or damage in the bones. A very small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein and travels through the blood. The radioactive material collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner (a special camera that takes pictures of the inside of the body). A bone scan may be used to diagnose bone tumors or cancer that has spread to the bone. It may also be used to help diagnose fractures, bone infections or other bone problems. [removed comma] Chest X-ray A type of high-energy radiation that can go through the body and onto film, making pictures of areas inside the chest, which can be used to diagnose disease. An X-ray is a type of high-energy radiation that can go through the body and onto film, making pictures of areas inside the chest, which can be used to diagnose disease. Computed tomography A procedure that uses a computer linked to an X-ray machine to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. The pictures are used to create three-dimensional (3-D) views of tissues and organs. A procedure that uses a computer linked to an X-ray machine to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. The pictures are taken from different angles and are used to create three-dimensional (3-D) views of tissues and organs. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the tissues and organs show up more clearly. This scan may be used to help diagnose disease, plan treatment or find out how well treatment is working. Imaging In medicine, a process that makes pictures of areas inside the body. Imaging uses methods such as X-rays (high-energy radiation), ultrasound (high-energy sound waves) and radio waves.

Stages

The stage of your cancer helps your doctors determine the best treatment options for you. The process of staging tells us whether or not your cancer has spread and, if it has, how far. When skin cancer is diagnosed at an early stage, it is more likely to be cured.

Skin cancers are assigned a stage from 0 to IV, with 0 being the least advanced (in situ, found only in the outermost layer of skin) and IV being the most advanced.

Stage The extent of a cancer in the body. Staging is usually based on the size of the tumor, whether lymph nodes contain cancer and whether the cancer has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. Staging Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from where it first formed to other parts of the body. Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from where it first formed to other parts of the body. It is important to know the stage of the disease in order to plan the best treatment.

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